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There is evidence that squid populations have benefited from ecological change driven by overexploitation of groundfish in some regions (Caddy and Rodhouse, 1998). These features have adapted them to be ecological opportunists that can rapidly exploit favorable environmental conditions, but equally their abundance responds rapidly to poor conditions, so recruitment and abundance may be highly variable on annual time scales (Rodhouse et al., 2014). They also have high reproductive rates, although loliginid squids usually produce fewer eggs than do ommastrephids. They are short-lived, semelparous and fast growing, with high feeding rates and conversion efficiencies. There are a number of characteristics of squid that, although not unique, set them apart from many other commercially exploited marine species (although not necessarily from other cephalopods).
#SQUIDS NEXT DOOR PLUS#
The other main cephalopod groups exploited for food are the cuttlefish and octopus, plus to a much lesser extent the sepiolids. There are some 290 species of squids and about 30–40 species have substantial commercial importance ( Table 1). Squid swim using the fins and by jet propulsion, using the mantle to expel water explosively from the mantle cavity through the funnel.
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The molluscan foot has evolved into the eight arms and two tentacles (the latter absent in some groups of squids), and these are armed with suckers and in some cases hooks which are modified suckers.
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They are characterized by the presence of a remnant of the molluscan shell which has been retained in the form of the gladius, a stiff chitinous structure that lies inside the dorsal surface of the mantle muscle. There are about 800 living cephalopod species belonging to three main groups represented by different orders. These figures remind us that a significant component of world cephalopod landings relies on a very small number of oceanic squid species. The fall in landings since 2007 was almost entirely attributable to a temporary collapse of the Argentine shortfin squid Illex argentinus landings (notably by Argentina, Taiwan, China, and Korea) the recovery since 2009 was mainly driven by increased landings of Humboldt squid Dosidicus gigas by Peru, Chile, and (especially) China (FAO, 2012) and recovery of the Argentine shortfin squid since 2011 (Falkland Islands Government, 2012). After the peak of 4.3 million t in 2007, world cephalopod landings fell sharply to under 3.5 million t in 2009, although they had recovered to just over 4 million t again in 2012. However, we cannot assume that cephalopod catches will continue to rise and there is some evidence of landings leveling off recently.
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Over the last four decades, cephalopod catches have increased from approximately 1 million t in 1970 to over 4.3 million t in 2007 (Jereb and Roper, 2010). ( 1979) highlighted a shift toward harvesting “unconventional” stocks of marine organisms, which typically occupy lower trophic levels. This is not a modern phenomenon, May et al. Although the total world catch from marine and freshwater fish stocks appears to have peaked and may be declining (Hilborn et al., 2003), the catch of cephalopods has continued to increase as fishers concentrate efforts away from more traditional finfish resources. However, scientists and managers involved in cephalopod fisheries arguably find themselves in a better position than those responsible for finfish. Regrettably, it is now recognized that the humankind has failed in many instances to conserve marine species and obtain the optimal social and economic benefits from the marine environment. Interactions between human societies and fish stocks have played an important part in our history.